LibGuides: Citation Guide: Footnote reference system

Footnote reference system

When using footnotes, a number called a superscript is added at the end of the cited or summarised information. Normally the numbering runs consistently throughout the work. The superscript numbers correspond with notes either at the end of the page (footnote) or at the end of the text (end note). The footnotes and end notes state at least the author's name, the name of the publication and page numbers where the citation is from. The benefits of using footnotes is that the system does not break the structure of the text, and you can also include additional information that supports the main text in the footnotes. For example, you can use a footnote to justify an argument, point towards important differences between different resources, explain an abbreviation or expression in the text, etc. Footnotes are normally written in a smaller font than the main text and separated from the text by a horizontal line.

Bibliography

• bibliographic references arranged in alphabetical order

• year after the publication information as in the Vancouver system

Examples:

• Wilson, S. Electron correlation in molecules. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press, 1984. 281 p. ISBN 0-19-855617-9.

• Jacobsen, Hugo A. Chemical reactor modeling : multiphase reactive flows. Berlin: Springer, 2014. ISBN 9783319050928 (electronic). Available at: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-05092-8.

In-text citations

• There may occur the following hazards in this machinery¹ …

• A footnote in the bottom of the page:

¹ Mäkinen, P. & Lahtinen, S. Safety of the machinery. P. 90.

• You can start the numbering from 1 at every page, or references can be numbered consecutively throughout the work.
• Footnotes in the bottom of the page can be brief or complete.
• You can give further details to the reader in footnotes.